Timeline of 15th Century Inventions

Most people know that Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type presses during the 15th century—in 1440 to be exact. That invention, which was possibly historys greatest, made the inexpensive printing of books possible. But many other important inventions were introduced  during this century. Below are those that top the list. Early 1400s: Golf, Music, and Painting Tiger Woods,  Arnold Palmer,  and  Jack Nicklaus  would never have walked the links without the invention of the little white ball that they smacked incredible distances. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  could never have composed his classic concertos without a piano. And, imagine the  Renaissance  without oil painting. Yet, these world changing inventions were created in the early 1400s.   1400: Golf is thought to have originated in a game played in Scotland as early as 1400. The balls were made of wood and didnt travel very far, but at least they represented a start. Indeed, golf was so entrenched in Scotland by midcentury that in 1457,  King James II of Scotland  issued a ban  against playing the game.The earliest version of the piano, called a clavichord, came into existence this year, according to the website, Piano Play It. In 1420, the clavichord  gave way to the harpsichord and leter the spinet, which looks more like the pianos used today.1411: Technically called the matchlock, the trigger—the basic firing mechanism for a rifle or gun—first appeared this year.1410: Oil paint, itself, was actually invented in Asia sometime before the fifth century, but oil painting techniques—like those used by such great artists as  Leonardo da Vinci  and  Michelangelo—were introduced this year by  Jan van Eyck.1421: In Florence, Italy , hoisting gear was invented.1439/1440: Gutenberg invents the printing press. Midcentury: Printing Press, and Glasses You would not be reading this website if it were not for Gutenbergs invention of the printing press, upon which all modern typed material is based—including printed material on the web. And, many of you would not be able to read this page without glasses. The rifle also—sadly—advanced during this period. 1450: Nicholas of Cusa created spectacles of polished lenses for nearsighted people.1455: Gutenberg introduced the printing press with metal movable type, marking a turning point in world history.1465: In Germany, drypoint engravings came into existence.1475: Muzzle-loaded rifles were invented in Italy and Germany. Late 1400s: The Parachute, Flying Machines, and Whiskey Many of the ideas and devices common in modern times came into existence in this time period. Some, like the parachute or flying machines, were merely drawings inked on a page by Da Vinci. Others, such as the globe, helped humans navigate the world, and whiskey became a popular drink in the U.S. and worldwide. 1486: In Venice, the first known copyright was granted.1485: Da Vinci designed the first parachute.1487: Bell chimes were invented.1492: Da Vinci was the first to seriously theorize about flying machines.Martin Behaim invented the first map globe.1494: Whiskey was invented in Scotland. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Early Piano History.† Edited by Ashwati Franklin, Piano Play It, 2017. Highfield, Roger. â€Å"Oil Painting Invented in Asia, Not Europe.† The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 22 Apr. 2008. â€Å"The Matchlock.† The Encyclopedia of Weapons, 22 June 2011. â€Å"Oil Paint History.† Cyberlipid, Les Sites De GERLI.

Essay about Two Views on Culture and Anthropology - 484 Words

Two Views on Culture and Anthropology The take on culture and anthropology can be dissected in many different ways. Horace M. Miner takes a look at his culture through a view of which an anthropologist from another culture would look at it. While Roy Wagner takes the anthropologist view and dissects it. Both writers use find culture through anthropology, while Miner concludes with a result in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, Wagner dissects the process of which is being used, The Idea of Culture. Throughout the essay Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, Miner creates a definition of the American culture from an outsiders perspective. Miner himself was born and raised in the United States, but takes the approach of an†¦show more content†¦Though the actual anthropologic part was not ‘pieced’ together, it seemed as though the he was educated on the culture and did not build the puzzle by himself. The view he creates is weird, alienist, and seems as though it were written by someone who is outside of our culture. One of the main goals or concepts of the essay is to open the eyes of an American, in order to open up the acceptance of other cultures. This raises the question, is Miner’s ‘outsider’ anthropologist view of the American culture correct? Since he is has a valid argument of growing up in the culture he is critiquing. Roy Wagner’s The Idea of Culture plays around with the idea that the anthropologist way of coming to know what a ‘culture’ is, can actually be backed. He comes to the conclusion similar to the means that an anthropologist can only know as much about the people as he observes, or of the remains that he observes. Leading to a very wide spread area in which conclusions from the anthropologist can be drawn. He argues the fact that the anthropologist â€Å"invents† the culture based on what he is seeing. And since the anthropologist has never experienced this culture in â€Å"real† time he relates the objects of the culture. He or she invents a different culture that is different and visibly contrast to his or her own, naturally. And since an anthropologist or one acting as one might not have ever taken in account their own culture, the idea of something differentShow MoreRelatedA Culture As An Integrated Whole?1346 Words   |  6 Pagesis useful to look at a culture as an integrated whole? a. 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Shewin Case Free Essays

PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum Your Course Project: Read About the Shewin Memorandum Throughout the course, you will work on the Shewin Memorandum. Your first step is to become acquainted with Ms. Shewin and the fact pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Shewin Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ima Shewin is a 45-year-old African-American woman with advanced degrees in English and journalism from the University of Chicago. She has been employed by The Blabber, a newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, for 10 years. She started as an entrylevel researcher. Two years later, she was promoted to a junior-level reporter position, and two years after that, to a senior-level reporter position. She has now been a senior-level reporter for the last six years. During the first eight years of her employment, Shewin reported to George Doright. Two years ago, The Blabber reorganized, and Doright was moved to another division in the company. Since then, Shewin has reported to Arthur King, The Blabber’s senior editor. Following the reorganization, two editors have retired. Although Shewin applied for these positions, they were not offered to her. In fact, she was only invited to interview for one of the positions, although she believes she met the qualifications for both. Last month, she applied for a junior-editor position she has been after for several years now. Based upon the qualifications that were identified in the job’s classified ad, she felt she was a shoo-in. She applied and was interviewed. The interview with Mr. King did not go as well as she had hoped. The interview took place over lunch in a restaurant. King started out the conversation by engaging in seemingly harmless social banter, but Shewin was uncomfortable with his personal questions about her relationship with her boyfriend. A few weeks after the interview, the company announced that it was hiring Gene Whiz, someone from outside the company. Whiz is 26 years old and recently earned a master’s degree in journalism from the University of Chicago. He has worked as a reporter for a small local newspaper. Shewin believes a number of factors may have been held against her. For example, only three women are in the upper levels of management, and all were promoted prior to the reorganization. King was not involved in the promotion decisions for any of the three women. King has a reputation for making sexist comments, which several women in the company find offensive, as do a number of men. For example, he described one pregnant reporter as barefoot and pregnant. † He has also asked Shewin out to â€Å"discuss business,† invitations that she has declined. She feels that rejecting him may have something to do with her not getting the job. Another possible factor is that there are only five African-American senior managers in the company. Shewin has heard through the rumor mill that Whiz is part AfricanAmerican. Also, prior to Mr. Doright’s transfer, Shewin filed a complaint against some of her male colleagues. Apparently the men whose cubicles were surrounding Shewin’s area had a habit of discussing their weekend dates in graphic detail on Monday mornings. Although they did not make these comments directly to Shewin, the conversations PA402: Employment Law Unit 3: The Employment Relationship – Shewin Memorandum were quite loud and she overheard them regularly. After several months of hoping they would stop, Shewin brought this matter to Mr. Doright, who sternly told the employees to stop such behavior. However, since Arthur King became the senior manager, her coworkers have reverted to their old behavior, and King has taken no action against them, despite Shewin’s repeated complaints to him. In fact, Shewin has observed King laughing at the conversations as he walked by. He did not, however, participate in the conversations. Finally, Shewin is more than 40 years old and has concerns that she may be getting passed over because of her age. A friend of hers overheard King talking to another senior manager, speculating as to when Shewin would finally retire. How to cite Shewin Case, Essay examples

Long-Term Safety and Function of RPE-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Annotated bibliography of Long-term safety and function of RPE from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in preclinical Models of Macular degeneration. Answer: Citation: Lu, B., Malcuit, C., Wang, S., Girman, S., Francis, P., Lemieux, L., Lanza, R. and Lund, R., 2009. Long?term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration.Stem cells,27(9), pp.2126-2135. Introduction: Human ESCs are considered as a key resource of clinical studies, for replacing cells. Prior the further advancement of somatic cell nuclear transfer or induced pluripotent stem cell technology in the clinical field, eye diseases is the first hESC-derived therapies. Compromised function of retinal pigment epithelial cell may lead to deteriorated vision and photoreceptor loss in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Instead of the fact that there is limited treatment options, implantation of RPE cells have shown sustained photoreceptor and control deterioration of visual function has been evident in animal model. Here authors used previously published RPE-derivation protocols for showing long-term functions using hESC-derived RPE in animal models of retinal degeration and stargardt. According to the protocol, authors attempted to prepare for clinical application and testing for safety and efficacy in several different animal and in vitro models. Authors also investigated if vision can be rescued in the mouse model used for the STGD disease, which is an early form of macular dystrophy. Methodology: 79 pigmented dystrophic RCS rats and 28 ELOVL4 mice were used for the main experiment, whereas 45 NIH III immune nude mice were used for safety study. Experiments were done according to the guidelines provided by the NIH regarding the care and animal model for experimental procedures and ARVO statement for using animals in Ophthalmic and vision research. According to the doses, the mice group received, these were divided into five groups. Two groups were added for further comparison, with two different dosages. The experimental and control group animals were maintained under 12 hour light/dark cycle. Authors performed a Real time PCR with the extracted RNA from the differentiated hESC cells into Mature RPE cells. For gene profiling, microarray and western blot analysis was done. Then transplantation, spatial visual acuity and luminance thresholds were also measures. Results: The differentiated cells survived the transplantation in RCS rats for a long period and sustained the visual function. Cells also sustained the receptor integrity in a dose-dependent manner. At 60 says survival in RCS rats, near normal functional measurements were observed. Long term data did not reveal gross or microscopic evidence of tumor formation after transplantation, suggesting that the cell line can be used as safe and inexhaustible source of RPE for retinal degenerative diseases treatment. In the safety assessment done with NIH III mice, the formation of teratoma and retention of pigmentation was observed among the safety study group mice, i.e. NIH III mice. In contrast, in the RCS rat transplant study, no evidence off teratoma or uncontrolled cell proliferation was found. Conclusions: The authors represented that the long-term safety and efficacy of hESC derived RPE cells can be used for human clinical trials, under the manufacturing conditions these have been produced. In order to confirm the functionality of these cells, the dose response was also evaluated besides the long term efficacy of the cell line. The study showed that hESC-derived RPE cells in immune-deficient animal represent a long-term function and safety in two animal models, highlighting its potential use in clinical therapies for specific macular degenerative diseases. Limitations: A requirement for identifying whether some kinds of immunosuppression is needed, during the use of cells in clinical settings was there, which has not been explored by the author. Reflection: In this current article, author provided significant information and evidence for the usage of hESCs as clinically potential cell line for treating macular degenerative diseases. The article has been published in 2009 and it has been used in other further research in this domain, which represents its potentiality in research field Reference List Lu, B., Malcuit, C., Wang, S., Girman, S., Francis, P., Lemieux, L., Lanza, R. and Lund, R., 2009. Long?term safety and function of RPE from human embryonic stem cells in preclinical models of macular degeneration.Stem cells,27(9), pp.2126-2135. Schwartz, S.D., Regillo, C.D., Lam, B.L., Eliott, D., Rosenfeld, P.J., Gregori, N.Z., Hubschman, J.P., Davis, J.L., Heilwell, G., Spirn, M. and Maguire, J., 2015. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies.The Lancet,385(9967), pp.509-516.